In our grocery lists, they are in our omelets and move.
We often do not think about mushrooms in Pharma, but this is certainly where penicillin comes from.
The antibiotic substance received three of its discoverers – Alexander Fleming, Howard Flora and Ernst Boris – 1945 Nobel Medicine. But I want to tell you a fun story why this list was to be longer. (If the Nobel Committee will get rid of this unjust Troika rule?)
As you know, it all started when Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist who works at the Mero Hospital in London. He ruled there a laboratory that was glorious. He even used a mess to create art. He gently placed different types of bacteria in Petri dishes, then left for the day or weekend and returned excitedly, seeing the multi -colored design they formed.
It was in the 1920s. At one point, he returned from vacation to this bewildered laboratory to find out what some Petri dishes he left, mutely placed a blue-green fungal form. And he noticed, there were no bacterial colonies around this form.
He realized that green material had antibacterial properties.
He was delighted with the document and published his conclusions in 1929. The document went unnoticed to a great extent. Fleming was not a great speaker or writer. In addition, he still fought for the isolation of pure penicillin from mold because it was so unstable and so quickly broke.
Those who learned about its opening rejected the green things as an interesting but impractical substance.
The world moved on. As for Fleming, it actually ended in its role.
A decade later, in 1939, Howard Flora, Australian Pathologist at the University of Oxford, applied for financing Penicillin studies. It also fights for the insulation of the substance without destroying the form.
The team led by him and the English biochemist Norman Hitley eventually managed to isolate to start tests on animals and humans. The researcher in this team, the German-British network Boris, discovered how penicillin works: killing bacteria, destroying his cell walls and preventing them from building new ones.
Shortly after the first shot of penicillin was introduced: Oxford Albert Alyaksandra, who developed a strong infection after scratching during gardening.
A day after Alexander received his first dose, 200 mg, his condition improved dramatically. But he was prescribed small doses every three hours, and the drug was still not easy. The limited deliveries ended and he eventually died a few weeks (as it would be without drugs, and as it was so much before it was discovered).
Today, solid mold is grown in volume, fermentation tanks, and liquid culture is used to make antibiotics. Then, against the backdrop of the war, despite the life he could save in battle, the flora could not force anyone to help him strengthen drugs.
Tired of waiting, he eventually decided to try success in the US, where the resources were less tense. But in order to make massively, he needed a powerful tension that was quickly multiplied, and he did not have it.
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) suggested help. Here it becomes really interesting.
In 1943, in 1943, in 1943 it was discovered that most of the world was used to early efforts with Penicillium Chrysogenum, which was discovered by a USDA Mary Hunt researcher (nicknamed Mary’s form).
It was part of the USDA team, which was hunting everywhere for penicillin flora. Researchers even asked the US Army to fly away soil samples where they were located in the world. Mary, as part of her research, looked at the local markets of the products, saving fruitful fruits and vegetables for the laboratory. It was during one of these excursions that she found a new stamina, which grows on the melon.
Penicillium Chrysogenum gave a much cleaner penicillin to GM than anything tried before. Over the course of three years, the American production has moved from scratch to 100 billion units per month (a unit of penicillin is 0.6 micrograms). By 1951, production increased to 25 trillion to 30 trillion. A month.
Today, penicillin is just one of the hundreds of antibiotics used to combat infections in humans and animals. Its development remains one of the greatest success stories in medicine.
However, even in his speech, the Fleming Nobel Prize warned that misuse could make it ineffective. He warned that excessive writing it using it for the wrong reasons, or insufficient use could also cause bacterial resistance.
In fact, the term “antibiotic resistance” is almost the same as Penicillin itself.
The escalation of the level of such resistance is now considered an immediate threat to healthcare. For so many reasons, see what you put in your mouth.
(To achieve Swetha Sivakumar with questions or feedback, e -mail upgrademyfood@gmail.com)
