Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women in India, second only to breast cancer. In fact, 1.2 lakh new cases of cervical cancer are reported every year in the country. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, cervical cancer was the ninth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Closer to home, it is the third most common type of cancer affecting both sexes combined.
While the number of cases detected in cities has decreased — largely due to timely diagnosis — rural areas across the country continue to experience high mortality rates due to inadequate health facilities. From vaccinations to early treatment and general awareness, we talk to experts about everything you need to know about the condition.
What is cervical cancer?
This is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. While cervical cancer can be life-threatening, it is preventable and curable if detected early.
Causes and symptoms
Any woman with cervical cancer is at risk, but this is often compounded by factors such as persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, a weakened immune system, smoking, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and a history of sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, women who do not get regular screenings are usually at greater risk.
It is important to note that early stage cervical cancer often has no symptoms, making screening crucial. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause), unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. Advanced cases can cause swelling in the legs, fatigue, or difficulty urinating.
How often do you need to be examined?
The frequency of examinations depends on a person’s age and state of health. Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap smear (a procedure that involves collecting cells from the cervix to check for various diseases) every three years.
For those over 30, it’s important to opt for co-testing — a combination Pap smear and HPV test — every five years. Women over 65 with a history of normal results can stop testing after consulting their doctor.
Does it affect men?
Yes, men can be infected with HPV as it can cause genital warts and even penile and throat cancer. Therefore, the HPV vaccine is effective in reducing these risks and it is recommended that boys and men follow the same dosing schedule as women.
All about the vaccine
The vaccine protects against most common strains of HPV that cause cancer. Recommended for adolescence, usually at the age of 11-12, but can be introduced as early as nine years. Vaccination is also recommended for men and women under the age of 26, and in some cases for adults under the age of 45.
Vaccinating boys helps reduce the risk while promoting herd immunity as it indirectly protects women from cervical cancer.
Inputs from Dr. Amit UpadhyaySenior Consultant Haematologist and Oncologist, PSRI Hospital New Delhi, Arpan TalwarFounder of Purobest, a brand owned by Innov Healthcare Private Limited, Dr. Nancy Nagpalgynaecologist, Salubritas Medcentre
Food is the word
There is evidence to suggest that certain nutraceuticals (supplements or foods that serve a medical purpose) may help prevent HPV-related carcinogenesis. In other words, with the help of nutrition, you can reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Foods rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for those who are HPV positive and those who have a suspicious pap smear. “Nitroceuticals with antioxidant properties may help reduce oxidative stress and DNA damage, which are key factors in carcinogenesis. By supporting the immune system, certain foods can fight the virus and reduce chronic inflammation,” explains Dr. Mandeep Singh Malhotra, director of the oncology department at CK Birla Hospital.
Fertility concerns
Options such as egg freezing and embryo storage before treatment can be reassuring for women with cervical cancer who may be concerned about their fertility.
Dr Vaishali Sharma IVF Specialist VS Healthcare
